Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistant Design of Buildings, 1st Edn. Before the 1974 trial version of the first Chinese seismic code, China mainly followed the Russian codes. With seismic verifications, confined masonry is allowed up to 3 floors in zone IX and 4 floors in zone VIII. The review is not limited to the Himalayan region, but extended worldwide and includes all countries where stone masonry is still practiced today (whether it is allowed or not by their codes), as well as countries that had a rich culture of stone masonry in the past and which potentially could (or should) reintroduce the technique. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization. But in fact, this is no longer clearly described or specifically mentioned. Still, in the rural and mountainous regions where rubble stone remains to be the primary construction material, both these scenarios of qualified design and required approval are highly unlikely to occur. IS:1597(part 2)-1992 (2016). After the destructive El Asnam earthquake in 1980, Algeria published its first national and mandatory seismic code (RPA-81, 1981). Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance – Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, Incorporating Corrigendum July 2009. To address all these above-mentioned shortcomings, the authors of this paper propose a full assessment, validation, optimization and complementation of the existing knowledge, by means of the current state-of-the-art for calculating, testing and modeling. However, some northern countries that border the Mediterranean Sea are subject to significant earthquake risks. Norms and Rules of Construction in Seismic Regions (in Russian). In the seismic codes this is reflected as follows. 1) Rubble masonry: In this category, the stones used are either undressed or roughly dressed having wider joints. Code of Practice for Structural Safety of Buildings: Masonry Walls. Prof. K. Shrestha and MEng. SNiP I-B.8-62 (1962). This chapter summarizes the design specifications for those countries that still allow the technique of rubble stone masonry buildings with cement mortar and wooden diaphragms in seismic areas. Construction in Seismic Regions. GEM Technical Report 2018-01. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers. In Bulgaria lots of stone masonry is still seen, such as in the Rhodope Mountains, a region subject to high seismic levels. Carabbio, R., Pieraccini, L., Silvestri, S., and Schildkamp, M. (2018). As these standards are exclusively for dimensioned stone, the Afghan code completely rules out the use of rubble stone for building purposes, which does not serve the current (non-engineered) construction needs and practices in the country. This section describes the historic background and analyzes the current possibilities and limitations of rubble stone masonry, following the criteria as described in this chapter. Whilst squared random rubble can be categorised as: regular coursed; snecked; un-coursed. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Aydan, Ö, Ulusay, R., Kumsar, H., and Konagai, K. (2012). The philosophy includes an updated and structured research approach that specifically addresses vernacular and traditional construction techniques: “Non-Engineered 2.0.” This third paper is a valuable addition to collect, review and compare the design specifications for rubble stone masonry buildings worldwide. Al-Nimry, H., Armouti, N., and Najmi, A. MKS CT 22-07-2007 (2007). https://cementconcrete.org/buildings/building-materials/stone-masonry/1959 Resmî Gazete n.30364 of 18/03/2018 (in Turkish). This can easily be improved by adding a line in the codes, which specifically states whether the technique is allowed or not. Although figures were not found, it is expected that stone masonry is still practiced in the Tian Shan Mountain range at the border with China and the Alay and Turkestan ranges near Tajikistan, although to a lesser extent compared to Tajikistan. Overall, it is observed that the allowed dimensions of building volumes and their individual elements vary greatly between the countries. Even better would have been the inclusion of IS.13828 for low-strength masonry, as stone is still widely used in the northern parts of the country, especially in Gilgit-Baltistan province. Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Construction of Buildings. 45–55. Although stone is no longer specifically mentioned, the code states that masonry must meet certain tensile strength requirements, if needed by proof of experimental testing. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. Both codes have a disclaimer on the cover page, stating that “the publication represents a standard of good practice and therefore takes the form of recommendations. OSDC-2013 (2013). Most striking, however, are the huge differences between maximum allowed design accelerations, ranging from just 0.08g in Indian zone III versus 0.52g on medium soils in Georgia. Greek code for Seismic Resistant Structures – EAK2000, with Amendments (in Greek). J. Bothara (Nepal), Prof. Y. Singh and Assist. San Jose: College Federation of Engineers and Architects of Costa Rica. Zagreb: Croatian Standards Institute. ASCE/SEI 7-10 (2010). The countries stretching from the borders of China toward the Black Sea all belonged to the former Soviet Union and include areas with severe seismicity. GOST 4001-66 (1967). - Machine crushed rubble is also available having size of 0 to 150 mm or as per client requirement. Two types of mortar were used: air lime mortar (in two masonry specimens) and hydraulic lime mortar (in the other two specimens). IS:1893-1962 (1962). IS:4326-1993 (1993). L-25/11/n.1684 (1962). NBC 105:1994 (2007). Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Building Construction: Low Strength Masonry, V1.RV1, reprint. Cost analysis of mountain schools in Nepal: comparison of earthquake resistant features in rubble stone masonry vs. Rubble stone masonry was explicitly mentioned, as in PSP 101-51 (1951) which ranks the use of “natural stone of irregular shape” in categories 3 and 4, depending on mortar type. Still, lower-strength masonry of category 2 must meet a minimum “ultimate axial tensile strength of 120 kPa,” which may be difficult to determine (or understand) in the rural areas. The country is assigned to just 2 very high seismic hazard levels; intensity zones 8 and 9. Iran is situated in a very active part of the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt. Eng. For the experimental program four rubble stone masonry walls (120cm×120cm×70cm) were built using traditional techniques and materials. - It is used for wall masonry work, slope protection, hard core soling, 5:13. doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2019.00013. The masonry chapter refers to the European norms and TS EN 771-6+A1 (2015) in particular, meaning that natural stone units must follow the requirements for dimensioned stones. Powerpoint Presentation. A beautiful stone masonry work. Standard Specification for Granite Dimension Stone. AzDTN 2.3-1 (2014). It is therefore proposed to internationally adopt “NRM,” which stands for Nominally Reinforced Masonry, as an additional masonry category. IS:1893 (part 1)-2016 (2016). Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures. Seismic Risk Reduction in Developing Countries The earliest codes such as TJ 11-78 (1979) did not cover stone masonry, but all revisions that followed, starting with GBJ 11-89 (1993), have included a separate chapter with sections for earth, wood and stone buildings, which is still included in the most recent seismic code GB 50011-2010 (2016). Maximum width of openings is 2.5 m, minimum lengths for corner masonry is 1.8 and 1.55 m for piers, whereas the length of openings versus length of a wall may not exceed 25%. The stones used in this type of masonry After the devastating 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the building code was upgraded with a focus on seismic design of buildings, whilst dividing the whole country into 5 seismic zones (BCP-SP-07, 2007). Since 2004, the European seismic code EN 1998-1:2004+A1 (2013), commonly known as Eurocode 8, is the leading norm to which most European countries have committed. PBO-64 (1964). This paper compares and summarizes design specifications and construction requirements, with a specific focus on “nominally reinforced rubble stone masonry (NRM) with cement mortar and wooden diaphragms in seismic areas.” Currently, the technique is only allowed and described in some detail in the codes of Nepal, India, China, Tajikistan, Georgia, Iran and Croatia. It was already noted in 1977 that “a review of the earthquake codes of various countries shows that much of the information is empirically based and not theoretically derived. The objective is to analyze and compare current practices of rubble stone masonry buildings with the design specifications and construction requirements, as dictated by national seismic and masonry codes. Moscow: State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Construction. But after the powerful 1977 Vrancea earthquake, the use of stone for walls has been removed altogether from the seismic code P100-78 (1978) and masonry code P2-85 (1985) ever since. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization. Algerian Earthquake Resistant Regulations RPA 99 – Version 2003 (in French). Technical and Hygienic Standards Mandatory for Repairs, Reconstructions and New Construction of Public and Private Buildings in Places Hit by the Earthquake of December 28, 1908 (in Italian). In 3 seismic zones ( 1–3 ) and cm, no seismic verifications, and... Arabic ) cement-sand mortar is preferred, as well region subject to Earthquakes in... Italy introduced its first national seismic and masonry patterns Ashlar is not the case of USSR! Regulations for the Construction of Buildings and Structures in seismic areas ( in Chinese ) for seismic Resistant –! Specifically adds that for determination of seismic codes that currently allow nominally Reinforced masonry, the stones 1987,.... 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